Health Benefits and Uses of Pennyroyal

Created by philiHealth | 17/01/2021 | Health & Wellness |

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)

Pennyroyal is scientifically known as Mentha pulegium and it belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The plant is native to Europe, parts of Asia as well as to the Middle East. It was introduced to places in Africa along with Australia and New Zealand. Both Hedeoma pulegioldes (American Pennyroyal) and Mentha puleguim (European Pennyroyal) are referred to as Pennyroyal. They are both creeping plants with small lilac flowers and grayish-green leaves. Although considered unusual in much of California, Pennyroyal occurs in the Sierra foothills, Central Valley, and most coastal counties from the Mexican border to Oregon. It is common as a necessitate wetland indicator species in seasonally flooded soils of valley bottomlands, usually below 1,640 feet (500 m) elevation. Take care when planting this species in your garden that it does not take over more area than you want it to. A great option to prevent excessive spreading is to plant Pennyroyal in a pot or planter instead of directly into the ground. Since the time of the ancient Greeks, Pennyroyal was considered a useful insect repellant, reflected in modern times by the common name fleabane. The Latin names of both plants also reflect this insect-repelling power, "pulegoides" and "pulegium" both derive from the Latin word for "flea". It was also believed to stimulate menstruation.

Pennyroyal is known to be quite toxic, even though it was consumed by humans throughout history for medicinal and culinary purposes. The most dangerous form of Pennyroyal is in concentrated Pennyroyal oil, which contains a high percentage of the toxin pulegone. This toxin can cause a variety of problems depending on dosage, which can range from nausea and abdominal pain to lesions and tumors to organ failure. There are documented cases of Pennyroyal causing death, mostly when taken in high doses by pregnant women.

Despite being extremely toxic, it has been used for various purposes throughout history. Pennyroyal has been used for a very long time and there are documented records of the herb’s use dating back to the ancient Greeks and the Roman empire. It was used to flavor wine by the ancient Greeks while numerous Roman recipes called for its use alongside herbs like oregano and coriander. The use of Pennyroyal as a culinary herb continued into the Middle Ages and it was commonly used as a flavor for pudding. The early settlers in Virginia are known to have used the dried plant to eradicate unwanted pests and bugs. Indeed, it was so popular at one point that a Royal Society article was published in 1665 recommending its use to protect against rattlesnakes. Along with other herbs such as Oregano, Coriander and Lovage, Pennyroyal was used by the Romans as a flavoring agent for food. The use of Pennyroyal as a culinary herb continued through the Middle Ages and was normally used to flavor wine and pudding, however its popularity gradually dwindled and it is very rarely used for culinary purposes today and it is now used for medicinal purposes.

Health Benefits of Pennyroyal

Pennyroyal was widely accepted and used in early medicine. It was a staple in the US pharmacopeia between 1831 and 1931 for colds, flu, breathing problems, gall bladder, liver disease, flatulence and stomach pain, and delayed menses. In the early 1900s chemists began distilling oils from this and other plants. It was also used to induce an abortion or to start menstrual periods. While this herb was once used for rudimentary abortions, due to its menstruation-stimulating ability, the dose required for an abortion is close to the lethal limit and is no longer considered safe. It was incorrectly assumed that if the plant was harmless, so too were the plant oils. This, unfortunately, couldn’t be further from the truth. These essential oils are the product of isolating just one part of the plant and then concentrating it. Essential oils are incredibly potent and in the case of Pennyroyal, they can be deadly. If you are unfamiliar with Pennyroyal, let me tell you right now that its use is controversial. While it does undoubtedly have health benefits when used by healthy adults in moderate doses, it can also be extremely toxic in higher doses. For that reason, its consumption is not generally recommended especially. An essential oil made with Pennyroyal is very potent and should never be taken internally, however milder variants such as Pennyroyal tea are not considered to be as dangerous. Only use extremely mild doses and be sure to speak with a trained herbalist or medical professional first.

The use of Pennyroyal in any of its forms is extremely controversial and it is likely unsafe. Pennyroyal should never be used by pregnant women or nursing mothers. It can cause uterine contractions and an increase in menstrual flow and significantly increase the risk of abortion. Consumption of the herb has been linked to numerous adverse side effects including seizures, loss of consciousness, and even death. Pennyroyal essential oil has been linked to many severe side effects. These include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, fever, chills, muscle spasms, organ failure, increased heart rate, irregular blood pressure changes and coma. Pennyroyal should never be taken by people with kidney or liver diseases. It may irritate the organs and make the disease worse.

About 2000 years ago, Pennyroyal was the herb used to terminate unwanted pregnancies. Dr. Art Tucker, research professor at Delaware State University and author of "The Big Book of Herbs", says that Pennyroyal induces abortions by first damaging the mother’s liver. Death sometimes follows. In a well-documented case from 1994, a college student who drank only 2 teaspoons of Pennyroyal oil in teas over a two-day period died from it. In 1992, a healthy dog died after licking a similar amount from its fur.

The Mentha species of family Lamiaceae are famous for their flavor and are commercially used in many food products worldwide. They are widely used to cure digestive problems as well as a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobials.

In a 2023 study "Nutritionally rich biochemical profile in essential oil of various Mentha species and their antimicrobial activities" published in Protoplasma, by Hina Fazal, Muhammad Akram, Nisar Ahmad, Muhammad Qaisar, Farina Kanwal, Gohar Rehman, Irfan Ullah, the essential oils (EOs) of five Mentha species, namely Mentha citrata, Mentha x piperita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha spicata, and Mentha suaveolens were extracted and their chemical diversity was investigated through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The differential doses (5, 10, and 15 µl) of EOs were tested for antimicrobial potential against two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and a fungal strain (Candida albicans). The GC-MS results revealed the major components in the EOs were Carvone, Linalool, Hotrienol, Menthol, Isopulegone, Furanone, Piperitone, and Thymol. Moreover, the higher dose (15 µl) of EOs of M. citrata inhibited the growth of S. typhi and C. albicans (35.8 ± 2.4 and 35.2 ± 2.5 mm), M. x piperita inhibited E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans (28.5 ± 3.5, 26.1 ± 2.1, and 25.4 ± 1.1 mm), M. pulegium inhibited K. pneumoniae, B. subtilis, and C. albicans (26.8 ± 1.8, 24.2 ± 2.2, and 25.3 ± 0.9 mm), M. spicata significantly inhibited S. typhi and B. subtilis (35.7 ± 2.7 and 36.3 ± 2.1 mm), and M. suaveolens inhibited K. pneumoniae, C. albicans, and S. typhi (30.8 ± 1.9, 26.9 ± 1.1, and 20.1 ± 0.8 mm) respectively. This study concluded that the EOs of M. citrata was effective against S. typhi and C. albicans. The M. x piperita exhibited strong activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans. Furthermore, the M. pulegium strongly inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. The EO of M. spicata was more potent against S. typhi and B. subtilis, while the M. suaveolens was comparatively more effective against S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans. These EOs offer a natural source of antimicrobial agents with high commercial values and social acceptance and could be scale up by food and pharmaceutical industries to control pathogenic diseases.

Digestive Disorders:

Going back many generations, Pennyroyal has been used to improve general digestive health and to treat several common digestive complaints. You can drink small doses of the tea to help treat bloating, gas or stomach pain. The plant also has antispasmodic actions that can help soothe stomach pain or cramp. Many proponents believe that the plant can be consumed in moderation to improve gut function and stimulate the production of bile which can help aid digestion. It increased nutrient absorption in the intestines. Pennyroyal is been in used in folk medicine to facilitate digestion. This property is also reportedly present in its essential oil and it promotes digestion by stimulating the secretion of digestive juices.

A drop of Pennyroyal oil in a glass of water or a Pennyroyal herbal tea can stimulate bowel movement, which can clear up digestive issues.

Intestinal Discomfort:

Pennyroyal is very useful in favoring the digestive process. Specifically, it has a cholagogue effect, which implies that it generates the expulsion of bile from the gallbladder (something fundamental for the digestive process) and in turn facilitates the evacuation. Besides it is antispasmodic, decreasing sudden contractions or spasms that can occur viscerally. It also has the interesting property of facilitating the expulsion of gases, something that diminishes possible discomfort.

In an animal study published in 2018 for The Journal Heliyon, it was found that Pennyroyal essential oil improved performance, organ weight, serum lipids and intestinal morphology.

Stimulates Appetite:

It has been observed that Pennyroyal is a plant that has the ability to promote an increase in appetite and hunger, something that may be useful in those people who show little appetite (for example in the face of displeasure or depression).

Respiratory Conditions:

Because of its high menthol content, Pennyroyal has been used over the years for its expectorant qualities and its ability to relieve the symptoms of colds or flu. It may help aid breathing and act as a decongestant for the respiratory system and the lungs. According to proponents, the expectorant properties in Pennyroyal can help loosen build ups of mucous or phlegm and clear it out of your system.

Cold and Flu:

Pennyroyal consists of high menthol content and has been used over the years for its expectorant qualities and its ability to relieve the symptoms of colds or flu. It may help aid breathing and act as a decongestant for the respiratory system and the lungs. According to proponents, the expectorant properties in Pennyroyal can help loosen build ups of mucous or phlegm and clear it out of your system.

Pneumonia:

In some cases Pennyroyal is used to treat pneumonia, due to its powerful antiviral and antimicrobial properties. As always, however, extreme caution is required, and be sure to speak with a doctor before using this herb.

Infections:

Pennyroyal essential oil has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties which is highly toxic even in small quantities. A little bit misbalance in amounts could result in death. It eliminates bacteria and microbes and also counteracts infections which are caused by them.

Antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus):

In a 2021 study "Antibacterial Activities of Phytofabricated ZnO and CuO NPs by Mentha pulegium Leaf/Flower Mixture Extract against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria" published in Adv Pharm Bull by Mehran Alavi, Saeed Dehestaniathar, Shadieh Mohammadi, Afshin Maleki, Naser Karimi, Mentha pulegium was used to synthesize ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) as a cost-effective, one-step, and eco-friendly method. Physicochemical properties of both metal oxide NPs (MONPs) were determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Phytofabricated ZnONPs and CuNPs illustrated 65.02±7.55 and 26.92±4.7 nm with antibacterial activities against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Higher antibacterial activities were observed for CuONPs compared with ZnONPs. Large surface area and more reactivity resulted from smaller size as well as higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were considered to antibacterial efficiency of CuONPs against antibiotic-resistant E. coli and S. aureus.

Antimicrobial (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bradyrhizobium sp., Sinorhizobium meliloti):

In a 2023 study "Variability in Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha pulegium L. Essential Oil, Cultivated Under Different Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria" published in Chem Biodivers, by Zineb Djerrad, Souhila Terfi, Lila Brakchi, the aim of present work was to study the essential oil chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of cultivated Mentha pulegium L. under different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bradyrhizobium sp. and Sinorhizobium meliloti) individually and in consortium. Yield, in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. and S. meliloti in consortium, increase significantly relative to control plants. GC and GC/MS analyses pointed to a qualitative and quantitative variability of components. The investigated essential oils were clustered into three chemotypes : piperitenone/1,8-cineol (40.9/29.4%) chemotype in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. individually, S. meliloti individually, and Bradyrhizobium sp. and S. meliloti in consortium, piperitone/menthone (41.8/33.8%) chemotype in plants inoculated with P. fluorescens individually, P. fluorescens and Bradyrhizobium sp. in consortium, and P. fluorescens and S. meliloti in consortium and pulegone/menthol (47.9/31.5%) chemotype in control plants. The antimicrobial activity, carried out by the disc diffusion method and the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against ten microorganisms, varied significantly according to the tested microorganism and the rhizobacterial species used individually or in consortium (inhibition zone: 8.5 - 33.5 mm; MIC: 0.25 - 2.5 μL/mL). Our findings provided useful indications to select interesting chemotype within M. pulegium, especially in perspective of its cultivation.

Antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes):

In a 2021 study "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential and Comparison of HPLC Composition, Secondary Metabolites Count, and Antioxidant Activity of Mentha rotundifolia and Mentha pulegium Extracts" published in Evid Based Complement Alternat Med by Nada K Alharbi, Souheila Naghmouchi, Mayasar Al-Zaban, the relationship between the phenolic counts, chemical composition, and biological activities of two Mentha species (Mentha rotundifolia and Mentha pulegium) was analyzed. The characterization of the action mode against pathogenic bacteria and the inhibition of spore germination of two fungal species using prepared methanolic extracts were studied here for the first time. The obtained data highlighted the presence of positive correlation between the secondary metabolites contents and the biological activities of the investigated extracts. In fact, HPLC analysis showed that the major components in both the extracts were eriocitrin and rosmarinic acid (25 and 20 mg/ml and 12 and 8 mg/ml in methanolic extracts of Mentha rotundifolia and Mentha pulegium respectively). Moreover, the Mentha rotundifolia extract was rich in polyphenols and presents the highest antioxidant activity than Mentha pulegium ones. In addition, both extracts possess an antimicrobial activity against four Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacteria and one yeast species (Candida albicans) and were able to inhibit the spore germination of two fungi species (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus). But, the significant activity was observed in the presence of Mentha rotundifolia methanolic extract. The effect of time on cell integrity of E. coli and L. monocytogenes determined by time-kill and bacteriolysis assays showed that the Mentha rotundifolia extract had a rapid bacteriolytic effect compared to the Mentha pulegium extract, and their capacities were significant against Gram-negative bacteria than positive ones. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that Saudi Mentha species have high pharmacological and industrial importance and they can be used in preparation of food or drugs.

Antifungal (Candida albicans):

A 2021 study "Antifungal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata L. and Mentha pulegium L. growing wild in Sardinia island (Italy)" published in Nat Prod Res by A Piras, S Porcedda, D Falconieri, A Maxia, Mj Gonçalves, C Cavaleiro, L Salgueiro aims to evaluate the antifungal activity of Mentha spicata L. and Mentha pulegium L. from Sardinia and to assess their efficacy on virulence factors for Candida albicans, particularly on the inhibition of the germ tube formation. The major compounds of the essential oils were carvone 62.9% for Mentha spicata and pulegone 86.2% for Mentha pulegium. The essential oil from Mentha spicata showed a more preeminent effect against Cryptococcus neoformans and the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and T. verrucosum (0.32 μL/mL). Both oils were very effective in inhibiting C. albicans germ tube formation, at doses well below their MIC (0.16 μL/mL).

Candida albicans is an important microorganism in the normal flora of a healthy subject; however, it has an expedient pathogenic character that induces hydrolytic virulence. Regarding this, the present study aimed to find an in vitro alternative that could reduce the virulence of this yeast.

For the purpose of a 2020 study "In vitro activities of Traganum nudatum and Mentha pulegium extracts combined with amphotericin B against Candida albicans in production of hydrolytic enzymes" published in Curr Med Mycol by Ikram Tefiani, Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki, Moustafa Yassine Mahdad, the effect of amphotericin B (AmB) combined with the extract of Traganum nudatum (E1) or Mentha pulegium (E2) was evaluated against the hydrolytic activities of esterase, protease, and phospholipase. This effect was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), used to adjust the extract/AmB mixtures in culture media. The evaluated Pz values, which corresponded to the different enzymatic activities, showed a decrease in the hydrolytic activities of C. albicans strains after the addition of E1/AmB and E2/AmB combinations at descending concentrations (lower than the obtained MICs). Based on the findings, it would be possible to reduce the pathogenesis of this species without destabilizing the balance of the flora.

Silver Nanoparticles:

In a 2022 study "Bioengineered synthesis of phytochemical-adorned green silver oxide (Ag₂O) nanoparticles via Mentha pulegium and Ficus carica extracts with high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities" published in Sci Rep., by Maryam Shahzad Shirazi, Mahdi Moridi Farimani, Alireza Foroumadi, Kamal Ghanemi, Maurizio Benaglia, Pooyan Makvandi, silver oxide nanoparticles have various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. However, conventional nanofabrication of Ag₂O is associated with the use of toxic chemicals and organic solvents. To circumvent this hurdle, herein silver oxide quantum dots (Ag₂O-QDs) were synthesized quickly (3 min) via the use of ultrasonic irradiation and plant-extract. Additionally, due to ultrasonic irradiation's effect on cell-wall destruction and augmentation of extraction efficiency, ultrasonic was also used in the preparation of Mentha pulegium and Ficus carica extracts (10 min, r.t) as natural eco-friendly reducing/capping agents. The UV-Vis result indicated a broad absorption peak at 400-500 nm. TEM/SEM analysis showed that ultrasound introduced a uniform spherical particle and significantly reduced particle size compared to the conventional heating method (∼ 9 nm vs. ∼ 100 nm). Silver and oxygen elements were found in the bio-synthesized Ag₂O by EDS. The FTIR and phenol/flavonoid tests revealed the presence of phenol and flavonoid associated with the nanoparticles. Moreover, nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant/antibacterial/antifungal activities. The MIC and MBC results showed the Ag₂O QDs synthesized with M. pulegium extract have the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli (MBC = MIC:15.6 ppm), which were significantly different from uncoated nanoparticles (MBC = MIC:500 ppm). The data reflects the role of phyto-synthesized Ag₂O-QDs using ultrasonic-irradiation to develop versatile and green biomedical products.

Germs (Sepsis):

Uterus, kidneys, urethra, urinary tract and wounds has high chances of being septic due to the infection made by germs. Due to its antiseptic properties, it is highly poisonous and destroys bacteria, germs that are the cause for sepsis. As it is irritant and poisonous, it should be used in moderate amounts.

Small Pox:

Prepare an infusion of the Pennyroyal plant. Have three- four teaspoon 3 to 4 times a day.

Oral Diseases:

Dental Plaque Bacteria:

Dental caries and periodontal diseases remain a challenge for oral health, especially given the lack of effective and safe treatment options that are currently available. Against the backdrop of an ongoing antimicrobial resistance crisis, a renewed interest in traditional medicinal plants as a potential source of new bioactive compounds has surfaced.

In a 2022 study "Origanum vulgare ethanolic extracts as a promising source of compounds with antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence activity against dental plaque bacteria" published in Front Microbiol., by Fouzia Idir, Sybren Van Ginneken, Guglielmo A Coppola, Daniel Grenier, Hans P Steenackers, Farida Bendali, we systematically screened the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of nine Algerian medicinal plants (Artemisia herba alba, Centaurium erythraea, Juglans regia, Laurus nobilis, Matricaria recutita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha piperita, Origanum vulgare and Taraxacum officinale). To evaluate the activity spectrum of the extracts, the screening was carried out against an extensive collection of Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Lacticaseibacillus isolates recovered from dental plaques of Algerian patients. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties were observed, especially among ethanolic extracts, which marks them as a promising source for bioactive compounds to control oral biofilms. The ethanolic extract of O. vulgare, which showed the most promising effects in the initial screening, was further characterized. We first verified the biocompatibility of this extract using human oral keratinocytes and selected a range of non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.195-0.781 mg/ml) to further validate its anti-biofilm and anti-virulence potential. At these concentrations, the extract not only prevented biofilm formation (10.04 ± 0.75-87.91 ± 9.08% of reduction) of most dental plaque isolates on a polystyrene surface, but also significantly reduced their adherence to hydroxyapatite (34.58 ± 9.09-62.77 ± 0.95%). Moreover, the extract showed curative potential against mature biofilms grown under conditions mimicking the oral niche. In addition to its anti-biofilm properties, we observed an inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity, a reduction in acidogenesis and a downregulation in the expression of multiple virulence-associated genes for extract-treated samples. Since anti-virulence properties are more robust to the development of resistance, they provide an attractive complementation to the antimicrobial activities of the extract. Thymol was identified as an important active compound of the extract using GC-MS analysis, but synergy with other compounds was also detected, suggesting a potential advantage of using the whole extract over purified thymol. Further research into the bioactive compounds of the O. vulgare ethanolic extract could yield novel products to fight dental caries.

Bone & Muscle Related Disorders:

Rheumatism and Arthritis:

Being a depurative, it promotes the removal of toxins like uric acid from the body, thereby eradicating the biggest cause behind rheumatism. The numbing effect on the nerves also helps withstand the pain of rheumatism and arthritis. Its cordial or warming effect heats up the affected area and gives a more comfortable feeling. Finally, its stimulating effect on blood circulation increases blood flow to important organ systems, bringing warmth to the affected places, while also curing them of rheumatism and arthritis.

To get relief in Rheumatism massage well with Pennyroyal oil.

Muscle and Joint Pain:

Pennyroyal oil has a warming and numbing quality and is used in massages to help treat sore muscles and joints. Also, because of its depurative qualities, Pennyroyal makes for a good treatment for rheumatism and arthritis because it can help eradicate uric acid from the system.

Women's Health Issues:

Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea):

Pennyroyal is well known for its emmenagogue activity. It has been used throughout the years to help stimulate menstruation in women with irregular cycles or in those who do not menstruate at all. There are however many alternative options to stimulate menstruation, many of which are far safer than Pennyroyal. For this reason, most experts would not recommend using Pennyroyal for this purpose.

Contraception and Abortion:

Pennyroyal has always been associated with women’s bodies and sexuality: it was used in love potions, served as an obscene metaphor for female pubic hair, and was employed as a symbol of illicit sexuality. It has also been known since antiquity as a powerful abortifacient. When prepared to be consumed as a drink, this plant was employed to promote menstruation and expulsion of the placenta and foetus. In Cyprus and the Atlas Mountains, Pennyroyal is still used in traditional medicine.

In case of menses scanty, prepare a tea of the herb and drink regularly for 10-15 days. For abortion prepare an infusion of Pennyroyal plant and have 2-4 teaspoon 2 times a day.

Mental Health & Behavioural Conditions:

Stress and Depression:

Pennyroyal may have mild sedative properties. It was used in the past to combat hysteria and may help to calm the nerves and help people overcome their difficulties with sleeping. However, there is no evidence that Pennyroyal works beyond the anecdotal and there are definitely safer and better researched natural options for dealing with stress and sleeplessness.

Hysteric Attacks:

Hysteria patients experience hysteric attacks such as unconscious violent behavior, convulsions and fainting. They should be away from height, abrasives, water, fire as they are likely to fall, cut, drown and burn when they undergo from these attacks. Pennyroyal essential oil is useful for hysterical fainting by controlling these attacks.

Hematologic Diseases:

Purifies Blood:

Pennyroyal essential oil purifies a blood being a depurative. It nullifies the toxins from the blood. It promotes the circulation of blood by assisting the proper mixture of oxygen and blood. It purifies the blood as well as cells and organs by making it oxygenated.

Injuries:

Burns:

Burn is one of the most common injuries and the 4th common cause of trauma globally. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the Mentha pulegium extract on second degree burn injuries in rats assessing histopathologic and macroscopic.

A 2019 study "The Effect of Mentha Pulegium on Healing of Burn Wound Injuries in Rat" published in World J Plast Surg by Reza Vaghardoost, Yaser Ghavami, Behnam Sobouti, where Mentha Pulegium extract dressings was used as a treatment to deep dermal contact burns in rats, compared with two control groups of vaseline dressing and simple dressing by normal saline. After creating second-degree burn on the dorsum of rats, the treatments were applied for 15 min in three groups. Wound dressings were performed on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21st and at the same time macroscopic assessment was performed using a digital camera and software processing of photos. Pathologic evaluation of skin specimens was undertaken on days 1, 3,7, 14 and 21st. Wound healing parameters such as epithelialization, angiogenesis, granulation tissue formation, inflammatory cells were compared between these 3 groups. Application of Mentha Pulegium extract on second degree burn wounds significantly decreased burn surface area and increased fibroblasts in comparison to simple dressing. There was not any statistically significant relationship between Mentha Pulegium extract treated group and vaseline treated or simple dressing groups on other wound healing parameters. This study delineated that Mentha Pulegium extract had a positive effect on healing process of second degree burns.

Diabetes Mellitus:

Blood Sugar:

A 2019 study "Mentha pulegium Aqueous Extract Exhibits Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Effects in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats" published in Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets by Omar Farid, Naoufel Ali Zeggwagh, Fadwa El Ouadi, Mohamed Eddouks, was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of aerial parts aqueous extract of Mentha pulegium on blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. The glucose tolerance was evaluated in normal rats. Moreover, the histological sections and morphometric analysis at the liver and pancreas have been carried out in this investigation both in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The effect of antihyperglycemic activity of aerial parts aqueous extract of Mentha pulegium (20 mg/kg) on blood glucose levels was investigated in normal and diabetic rats (n=6). Histopathological changes in liver and pancreas were examined under phase contrast microscope and a preliminary screening for various bioactive constituents was realized according to standard methods. It was concluded that the antihyperglycemic activity of aerial parts aqueous extract of Mentha pulegium (20 mg/kg) exhibits a potent antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin diabetic rats.

Tumors & Cancers:

Melanoma:

In a 2023 study "Nano-scaled emulsion and nanogel containing Mentha pulegium essential oil: cytotoxicity on human melanoma cells and effects on apoptosis regulator genes" published in BMC Complement Med Ther., by Sareh Azadi, Mahmoud Osanloo, Elham Zarenezhad, Mojtaba Farjam, Akram Jalali, Ali Ghanbariasad, the chemical composition of Mentha pulegium essential oil with five major compounds, including pulegone (68.11%), l-menthone (8.83%), limonene (2.90%), iso-pulegone (2.69%), and iso-menthone (1.48%) was first identified using GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Afterward, a nano-scaled emulsion containing the essential oil with a droplet size of 7.70 ± 1 nm was prepared. Nanogel containing the essential oil was then prepared by adding (2% w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose to the nano-scaled emulsion. Moreover, the successful loading of M. pulegium essential oil in the nano-scaled emulsion and nanogel was confirmed using ATR-FTIR (Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed) analysis. Then, human A375 melanoma cells were treated with different concentrations of samples, the MTT assay evaluated cell viability, and cell apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, including Bax and Bcl-2, was evaluated using the qPCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique.

Antioxidants:

Saline stress is responsible for significant reductions in the growth of plants, and it globally leads to limitations in the performance of crops, especially in drought-affected areas. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the resistance of plants to environmental stress can lead to a better plant breeding and selection of cultivars. Mint is one of the most important medicinal plants, and it has important properties for industry, and for the medicinal and pharmacy fields. The effects of salinity on the biochemical and enzymatic properties of 18 ecotypes of mint from six different species, that is, Mentha piperita, Mentha mozafariani, Mentha rotundifolia, Mentha spicata, Mentha pulegium and Mentha longifolia, have been examined in this study.

A 2023 study "Functional Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Essential Oil Percentage in Different Mint Species Affected by Salinity Stress" published in Chem Biodivers, by Seyyed Jaber Hosseini, Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, Hamed Keshavarz, Shahryar Kazemi, Masoumeh Khalvandi, Hematollah Pirdashti, Seyyed Hamidreza Hashemi-Petroudi, Silvana Nicola, showed that salinity increased with increasing in stress integrity influenced the enzymatic properties, proline content, electrolyte leakage, and the hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and essential oil contents. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were conducted, and they grouped the studied species on the basis of their biochemical characteristics. According to the obtained biplot results, M. piperita and M. rotundifolia showed better stress tolerance than the other varieties, and M. longifolia was identified as being salt sensitive. Generally, the results showed that H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde had a positive connection with each other and showed a reverse relationship with all the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Finally, it was found that the M. spicata, M. rotundifolia and M. piperita ecotypes could be used for future breeding projects to improve the salinity tolerance of other ecotypes.

In recent decades, there has been growing interest in the fortification of dairy products with antioxidants and phenolics derived from plant byproducts and herbs.

A 2023 study "Development of Dairy Products Fortified with Plant Extracts: Antioxidant and Phenolic Content Characterization" published in Antioxidants (Basel) by Aikaterini Kandyliari, Panagiota Potsaki, Panoraia Bousdouni, Chrysoula Kaloteraki, Martha Christofilea, Kalliopi Almpounioti, Andreani Moutsou, Chistodoulos K Fasoulis, Leandros V Polychronis, Vasileios K Gkalpinos, Andreas G Tzakos, Antonios E Koutelidakis, focused on the analysis of dairy products, including kefir, cream cheese, yogurt, and vegan yogurt, enhanced with aqueous extracts of plant byproducts (Citrus aurantium peel, Citrus limon peel and Rosa canina seed) and herbs (Sideritis spp., Hypericum perforatum, Origanum dictamnus, Mentha pulegium L., Melissa oficinallis, Mentha spicata L. and Lavandula angustifolia) to characterize their antioxidant content, phenolic profile, and organoleptic characteristics. Antioxidant and phenolic content were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and presented values up to 46.61 ± 7.22 mmol Fe²⁺/L and 82.97 ± 4.29 mg gallic acid (GAE)/g, respectively for the aqueous extracts, as well as up to 0.68 ± 0.06 mmol Fe²⁺/L and 2.82 ± 0.36 mg GAE/g for the fortified dairy products. The bioavailability of antioxidants and phenolics in fortified foods was determined after in vitro digestion and ranged between 4 and 68%. The phytochemical profile of the aqueous extracts was determined by mass spectrometry, and 162 phytochemicals were determined, from which 128 belong to the polyphenol family including flavonoids and phenolic acids. Furthermore, most of the identified compounds have been recorded to possess enhanced antioxidant capacity in correlation to the in vitro findings. Finally, organoleptic evaluation showed an overall acceptability around 3.0 ± 1.0 on a 5-point scale. In conclusion, the studied plants and herbal extracts can be used for the fortification of a variety of dairy products with potential positive effects on human health.

The cosmetics and food fields are based on the use of synthetic substances to protect their products against oxidation. However, synthetic antioxidants were reported to have negative effects on human health. The interest to develop natural antioxidants from plants has been growing in recent decades.

Another 2023 study "Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils of M. pulegium (L.), M. suaveolens (Ehrh.) and M. spicata (L.) from Moroccan Middle-Atlas" published in Foods, by Nadia Zekri, Hanane Elazzouzi, Atika Ailli, Aman Allah Gouruch, Fatima Zahrae Radi, Mohammed Alaoui El Belghiti, Touriya Zair, Gema Nieto, Juan A Centeno, José M Lorenzo, determine the antioxidant properties of three essential oils (EOs) of Mentha pulegium (L.), Mentha suaveolens (Ehrh.) and Mentha spicata (L.) from the Azrou and Ifrane regions. The organoleptic characteristics, yields and physical properties were determined for the selected EOs. Their chemical compositions were identified using GC-MS; then, their antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH• free radical scavenging activity and were compared with the ascorbic acid standard. The determined physicochemical parameters of dry matter and EOs demonstrated their good quality. The analysis of the EOs showed the dominance of pulegone (68.86-70.92%) and piperitenone (24.81%), piperitenone oxide (74.69-60.3%), and carvone (71.56-54.79%) and limonene (10.5-9.69%) for M. pulegium, M. suaveolens and M. spicata, respectively, from Azrou and Ifrane. Additionally, the antiradical tests demonstrated the remarkable power of these EOs, especially M. pulegium EO (IC₅₀ = 15.93 mg/mL), which recorded the best activity compared with ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ = 8.849 mg/mL). The obtained results indicated that these EOs could be applied as natural antioxidants in the food industry.

Essential oils (EOs) and their components extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants are used in several areas, such as perfumery and chemical, cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries.

A 2023 study "Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of six commercial essential oils" published in Lett Appl Microbiol., by Alexandra Coimbra, Sónia Miguel, Maximiano Ribeiro, Paula Coutinho, Lúcia A Silva, Susana Ferreira, Ana Paula Duarte, aimed to screen the composition and the bioactivities properties of the EOs of Foeniculum vulgare, Helichrysum stoechas, Mentha pulegium, Pinus pinaster, Ruta graveolens, and Thymus mastichina. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of different compounds in EOs F. vulgare (12), H. stoechas (27), M. pulegium (8), P. pinaster (24), R. graveolens (8), and T. mastichina (16). All the EOs showed antioxidant activity acting through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, while only two EOs (H. stoechas and M. pulegium) scavenged the free radicals of DPPH. Mentha pulegium and T. mastichina EOs showed the strongest antimicrobial activity. Also, the effect on the fibroblast's viability was directly proportional to the EOs concentration, and the highest cytotoxic effect was registered with R. graveolens EO. The present study revealed significant bioactive properties of different EOs, highlighting M. pulegium and T. mastichina EOs to be considered in further studies for potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Two 2020 tests "Hydro-Ethanolic Extract of Mentha pulegium Exhibit Anthelmintic and Antioxidant Proprieties In Vitro and In Vivo" published in Acta Parasitol by Essia Sebai, Raja Serairi, Katerina Saratsi, Amel Abidi, Nadia Sendi, Mohamed Aziz Darghouth, Mark S Wilson, Smaragda Sotiraki, Hafidh Akkari, were used to assess the in vitro anthelmintic activity of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Mentha. pulegium against Haemonchus contortus; egg hatch assay (EHA) and adult worm motility (AWM) assay. Mentha pulegium extracts at the doses of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg were evaluated in vivo in mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. The anthelmintic efficacy was monitored using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). The antioxidant activity of Mentha pulegium extract was evaluated by testing the total antioxidant capacity and the DPPH free radical-scavenging ability. Chromatographic characterization of Mentha pulegium composition using RP-HPLC revealed the presence of phenolic acids such as syringic acid, ferulic acid and the presence of flavonoid compounds, such as isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. We observed 91.58% inhibition in the EHA at 8 mg/mL after 48 h of incubation (IC50=1.82 mg/mL). In the AWM assay, Mentha pulegium extract achieved 65.2% inhibition at 8 mg/mL after 8 h. The highest dose (4000 mg/kg) showed a significant nematicidal effect 7 days post-treatment by inducing 60.39% FECR and 71.6% TWCR. We also report strong in vivo antioxidant capacity of the extract, as revealed by a significant increase of the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes in mice infected with H. polygyrus. Together, the results in this paper suggest that Mentha pulegium possesses anthelmintic properties and could be a potential source of novel compounds for the control of helminth parasites as well as its associated oxidative damage.

Oxidative Stress:

A 2021 study "Essential oil of Mentha pulegium induces anthelmintic effects and reduces parasite-associated oxidative stress in rodent model" published in Exp Parasitol by Essia Sebai, Amel Abidi, Raja Serairi, Moomen Marzouki, Katerina Saratsi, Mohamed Aziz Darghouth, Smaragda Sotiraki, Hafidh Akkari, reported by the present authors on the anthelmintic effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Mentha pulegium, the volatile constituents of pulegium are now assessed in the present study by exploring its anthelmintic and its antioxidant proprieties using in vitro and in vivo assays. Egg hatch assay and adult worm's motility assays (AWMA) were used to assess the in vitro activity against Haemonchus. contortus. The in vivo anthelmintic potential was evaluated in mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). Mentha pulegium essential oil demonstrated 100% inhibition in the Egg hatch assay at 200 μg/mL (IC50 = 56.36 μg/mL). In the AWM assay, essential oil achieved total worms paralysis 6 h after treatment exposure. This nematicidal effect was associated to morphological damages observed in the cuticular's worm using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). At 400 mg/kg, Mentha pulegium oil showed 75.66% of FECR and 80.23% of TWCR. The antioxidant potential of this plant was also monitored by several in vitro assays: total antioxidant capacity was 205.22 mg GAE/g DW, DPPH quenching effect was IC50 = 140 μg/mL, ABTS activity IC50 = 155 μg/mL and FRAP effect of 660 μg/mL. Regarding the in vivo assay, Mentha pulegium essential oil demonstrated a protective effect against oxidative stress by increasing the activity of the endogenous antioxidants (SOD, CAT and GPx) during H. polygyrus infection.

Insects & Pests:

Repels Insects and Pests:

The essential oil of Pennyroyal is toxic to humans as well as animals and insects. It kills insects if used in sprays, vaporizers and fumigants. This oil is highly regarded as insect repellant.

As a flea deterrent: Dried Pennyroyal leaves can be scattered around pets’ bedding area, and you can roll up some fresh stems in you dog’s bandana before you go tromping through the woods. Pennyroyal oil used in flea collars has largely been phased out because it caused miscarriages in cats, so only use the fresh leafy stuff, please. If a pet or person could be expecting, don’t use Pennyroyal at all.
As a pest repellent: Crushed Pennyroyal stems stuck in your hat and pockets really will repel gnats and mosquitoes. Dog owners often see their dogs rolling in Pennyroyal patches, and dog instincts can usually be trusted.
In the garden: In folks who have successfully kept flea beetles off of eggplant by underplanting the eggplant with Pennyroyal, and it may be of use as a companion plant to other pest-prone crops, too. If you have worked with Pennyroyal as a companion crop, please share your experiences in the comments section below. Should you decide to try intercropping with Pennyroyal, be aware that Pennyroyal can be invasive, though it’s not as thuggish as other mints.

Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais):

Maize grains represent a significant contribution for assuring food safety all over the globe. Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), also known as the maize weevil, is one of the most destructive pests in stored maize, causing qualitative and quantitative losses. To control S. zeamais populations in maize storage sites, synthetical chemical insecticides are applied. However, these are often used wastefully, have environmental implications, and can induce the development of resistant populations.

In a 2023 study "Novel Approach for a Controlled Delivery of Essential Oils during Long-Term Maize Storage: Clove Bud and Pennyroyal Oils Efficacy to Control Sitophilus zeamais, Reducing Grain Damage and Post-Harvest Losses" published in Insects, by Pedro A S Sousa, Joana Neto, Joana V Barbosa, Joana Peres, Ana Magro, Graça Barros, José M Sousa, Fernão D Magalhães, António Mexia, Ana A R M Aguiar, Margarida M S M Bastos, the insecticidal and grain protecting efficacy of an innovative macro-capsule delivery device, loaded with essential oils from Clove bud and Pennyroyal, as well as their combined solutions, was tested against naturally S. zeamais-infested maize grains. The blend of both compounds incorporated in a controlled release device reduced losses by more than 45% over a long storage period of twenty weeks, diminishing the survivability of maize weevils by over 90%. The usage of the blend at a concentration of 370 μL⋅Lair-1 with an antioxidant showed the best results, however, by halving the concentration (185 μL⋅Lair-1), a significant control of S. zeamais populations was still achieved.

Pet Health:

Egg Quality Traits and Egg in Laying Hens:

According to the promising outcomes acquired in recent studies that focused on using natural feed additives in animal nutrition, poultry nutritionists have also been interested in investigating these medicinal herbs' effects on poultry performance and egg characteristics. Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), a natural source of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, etc. compounds, is recommended as a potential alternative for antibiotics, with similar benefits and no adverse effects on animal health or their products. Considerable effects have been reported on laying hens' performance and their eggs' internal and external traits by Pennyroyal inclusion in their diets. Due to the different results reported by Pennyroyal inclusion in laying hens' diets in recent limited studies, this study was designed to reinvestigate the impacts of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) supplementation (PS) on productive performance, egg quality traits, and biochemical compounds in blood and egg yolk in aged laying hens. The findings of this experiment may help for a better understanding of PS impacts on desired parameters, along with improving aged laying hens' performance.

In a 2023 study "Effects of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) Supplementation on production performance, egg quality traits, and biochemical parameters of blood and egg in laying hens at later stages of the production period" published in Vet Med Sci., by Amir Mosayyeb Zadeh, Seyyed Ali Mirghelenj, Peyman Hasanlou, Hossein Shakouri Alishah, a total of 144 Leghorn (Hyline-W36 strain) laying hens (53 weeks old) were used to investigate the effects of PS on performance, egg quality, and biochemical parameters of blood and egg yolk in old laying hens. The animals were distributed into three treatment groups; including a control diet (without PS), 0.5%, and 1% PS diets with six replicates and eight birds per replicate. The results indicated that the egg production rate (except for week eight) and egg mass were significantly reduced by PS in the laying hens' diet during the first four weeks and the total period of the experiment (P<0.05). However, the feed conversion ratio increased by PS (P<0.05). Based on the egg quality trait evaluations (week 4), the yolk percentage, yolk height, and yolk index reduced, while shell-breaking strength represented a significant increase in PS groups (P<0.05). However, shell thickness and albumen percentage reduced and increased by 1% PS, respectively (P<0.05). At week eight, the Haugh unit reduced while the albumen pH increased by PS (P<0.05). The findings revealed a decline in the egg density in 1% PS groups (P<0.05). In the case of serum biochemical parameters, alanine aminotransferase increased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels reduced in the PS groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the triglyceride levels of both serum and egg yolk (accompanied by the very low-density lipoprotein level of serum) decreased by PS (P<0.05). In conclusion, PS reduced serum and egg yolk triglyceride levels, accompanied by serum MDA, along with reducing production performance.

Benefits of Pennyroyal Herbal Tea

Pennyroyal tea was a popular abortifacient beverage that was traditionally given to women who wanted to stop a pregnancy. This is no longer advised in any way, as it can be toxic or lethal at high levels. Pennyroyal acts as an effective insect repellent and insecticide that eliminate most pests very rapidly, due to its powerful scent. Make sure to use it in small doses. A drop of Pennyroyal oil in a glass of water can stimulate bowel movement, which can clear up digestive issues. Drinking a weak form of Pennyroyal tea can have anti-inflammatory effects on the respiratory tracts and will soothe coughs and sore throats. The oil from this herb has long been used as a topical remedy for inflammation, particularly when applied to aching joints and muscles. Topical irritation is common, so use a small amount at first. Applying a Pennyroyal tincture, in moderate and safe doses, can improve the symptoms of eczema, rosacea, psoriasis or any other skin disease. Drinking this tea is known to boost energy production and stimulate the body, helping you to overcome weakness, specifically when recovering from an illness or injury. In some cases, Pennyroyal is used to treat pneumonia, due to its powerful antiviral and antimicrobial properties. As always, however, extreme caution is required, and be sure to speak with a doctor before using this herb.

The side effects of consuming Pennyroyal in any form can be dangerous, so extreme caution must be taken. Some of the side effects include the following: liver damage, kidney damage, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dizziness, vision, hearing problems, high blood pressure, abortion, lung failure, brain damage, complications of pregnancy, breastfeeding, liver disease.

There is a limited amount of research on a safe dosage, and most medical experts recommend avoiding Pennyroyal altogether. However, brewing a mild tea with these dried leaves can be a better way to benefit, without suffering serious side effects. A tincture with Pennyroyal oil can be applied to the skin, but pay attention to any allergic reactions, as it may demonstrate a high sensitivity to the herb, putting you at a higher risk if you continue using it. This herb should not be used by children in any form. Consuming as little as 5 grams of this herb can be lethal.

Benefits of Pennyroyal Essential Oil

Pennyroyal essential oil is extracted form a plant belonging to the mint family. It is a grass-like creeper herb bearing the scientific name Mentha Pulegium. Its leaves smell like mint when crushed. The essential oil of Pennyroyal is derived from the fresh plant by steam distillation and contains isomenthone, neomenthone, menthone and pulegone as its chief components. This oil is high in pulegone content and this makes it a deadly poison.

It is indeed a wonder why such a poisonous plant or oil has been in use as a folk medicine from ancient times. But again, it is also true that most of the medicines (particularly in homeopathy) are based on poisons collected from plants and animals. It is the accuracy in the number of doses, frequency of administration, and diagnosis of a disease that their use as a medicine depends upon.

The essential oil should be avoided internally, as it can cause a level of toxicity that could be fatal. However the Pennyroyal tea benefits include a low dose of the active compounds, which makes it safe for consumption. It is beneficial to use externally to reduce swelling from bug bites, and can also reduce bruising, can help treat acne and can help remove spots and scars on the skin. It contains alkaloids that act to strengthen the gums, and is believed to be an excellent and ancient remedy for whooping-cough and can help clear the liver of toxins with its diuretic qualities.

Uses of Pennyroyal

Medical Uses of Pennyroyal:

Pennyroyal has been used for centuries in herbal medicine.
It increases the secretion of digestive juices and relieves flatulence and colic.
It also powerfully encourages the uterine muscles and encourages menstruation; therefore it should not be recommended for pregnant women since it can procure abortions.
The herb is antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenogogue, sedative and stimulant.
It possesses astringent properties which strengthen gums and contract gums and also tighten the grip on teeth.
Tea made from the leaves has traditionally been used in the treatment of fevers, headaches, minor respiratory infections, digestive disorders, menstrual complaints and various minor ailments.
It is occasionally used as a treatment for intestinal worms.
It stimulates the contraction of muscles.
An infusion is used to treat itchiness and formication, inflamed skin disorders such as eczema and rheumatic conditions such as gout.
Leaves are harvested in the summer as the plant comes into flower and are dried for later use.
It is also beneficial in cases of spasms, hysteria, flatulence and sickness, being very warming and grateful to the stomach.
It prevents hemorrhaging by contraction of blood vessels.
Pennyroyal tea has been used for cold relief, coughs, indigestion, liver and kidney problems.
Fresh or dried leaves of Pennyroyal have also been used when treating influenza, abdominal cramps, to induce sweating, as well as in the treatment of diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis.

Other Uses of Pennyroyal:

An essential oil is obtained from the whole plant, used in soap making and as a cleanser for fabrics.
Plant has a low spreading habit and can be used as a ground cover, though it is somewhat sparse in the winter and can be invaded by the more aggressive weeds.
Growing or dried plant repels fleas, ants, moths, mice etc.
Rats and mice intensely dislike the smell of mint.
Plant was thus used in homes as a strewing herb and has also been spread in granaries to keep the rodents off the grain.
Strong infusion applied to the face will keep gnats away in the summer.
The aromatic leaves are used as an ingredient of Pot-Pourri.

Ayurvedic Uses and Health Benefits of Pennyroyal

Abortifacient: Prepare an infusion of Pennyroyal plant. Have two- four teaspoon two times a day.
Altitude Sickness: Make a decoction of the dried leaves of Pennyroyal. Have a cup once a day.
Body Lice: Prepare a decoction of dried Pennyroyal plant. Wash the affected area with the decoction of 30 g per liter of water. Repeat it 2-3 times a day.
Dyspnea: Take few leaves of Lemon Balm. Add Hyssop and Pennyroyal in equal quantity. Prepare a decoction. Have one cup once a day.
Menses Scanty: Prepare a tea of the herb and drink regularly for 10-15 days.
Rheumatism: To get relief in Rheumatism massage well with Pennyroyal oil.
Small Pox: Prepare an infusion of the Pennyroyal plant. Have three- four teaspoon three to four times a day.

Pennyroyal as an Ingredient of Pot-Pourri

Properties of Pennyroyal Essential Oil

Antimicrobial & Antibacterial:

The antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of Pennyroyal oil are the results of its toxicity. You can imagine that even in trace quantities (mere parts per million) how deadly this poisonous oil might be for those tiny microscopic living beings (microbes) if it is so deadly for humans. Even a few milliliters can cause death. It kills microbes and bacteria and protects us from the infections caused by them. It also exhibits antifungal activity.

Research published in 2019 in The Journal BioMed ResearchInternational found that the Pennyroyal essential oil has strong antimicrobial properties.

Antiseptic:

Wounds and internal organs, particularly the urinary tract, urethra, kidneys, and uterus may become septic due to infection by the germs. The highly poisonous nature of the Pennyroyal oil makes it an antiseptic since it kills the germs or bacteria that cause sepsis. However, this oil should be used in very mild doses, as it is highly poisonous and an irritant.

Astringent:

In the traditional medicine, the Pennyroyal essential oil has been used as a gum strengthener which is probably due to the astringent properties. This makes the gums contract and it tighten their grip on the teeth. The effects of this property can be also felt on other parts of the body, because this property induces contraction in other muscles and it tightens them, helps stop hemorrhaging by contracting the blood vessels, strengthens hair roots, gives the face a lift and pulls up loose hanging skin.

Cordial:

Due to its stimulating property, the essential oil of Penny Royal increases blood circulation, which in turn warms up the whole body, thus behaving as a cordial. This warming effect gives relief from feelings of cold that often result from a fever.

Decongestant:

This essential oil is toxic which is making it an antiviral and it fights against infections in the lungs. This can help to loosen the catarrh and phlegm deposition in the lungs and the respiratory tracts, as well as promoting their expectoration. In this way, the Pennyroyal essential oil behaves as a decongestant for the respiratory tracts and lungs.

Depurative:

There are certain reports that say that this oil can be used as a depurative, that is, a blood purifier. Certain components of this oil may help neutralize the toxins in the blood. Since it promotes blood circulation, it also helps proper mixing of fresh oxygen with the blood. In this way, it can purify the blood and keep the organs and cells properly oxygenated.

The depurative property, which is seen as the numbing effect of this oil on the nerves, as well as its cordial and stimulating effects on the blood circulation, make it an ideal combination as an anti-rheumatic and anti-arthritic treatment. Being a depurative, it promotes the removal of toxins like uric acid from the body, thereby eradicating the biggest cause behind rheumatism. The numbing effect on the nerves also helps withstand the pain of rheumatism and arthritis. Its cordial or warming effect heats up the affected area and gives a more comfortable feeling. Finally, its stimulating effect on blood circulation increases blood flow to important organ systems, bringing warmth to the affected places, while also curing them of rheumatism and arthritis.

An animal study found that Pennyroyal essential oil increased hemoglobin, white blood cells, and red blood cells, but did not have any effect on other blood indices. The increase in white blood cells indicates that it can strengthen the immune system.

Digestive:

This essential oil has been used in the traditional medicine to facilitate digestion. Also it can promote digestion by stimulating the secretion of digestive juices.

Emmenagogue:

Pennyroyal essential oil is sometimes used in herbal medicine as an emmenagogue. It is believed to open blocked and delayed menstruation cycles. The resultant stimulation of certain hormones like estrogen and progesterone makes the cycle more regular. However, there is little scientific evidence to support this.

Insecticide:

Since this oil is toxic to humans and to other animals, it is toxic to insects as well. It is a very efficient insect killer and is very effective if used in fumigants, sprays, and vaporizers. Insects also try to stay away from this oil. This oil is highly praised and reputed as an insect repellant. An experiment undertaken to study the acaricidal effects of different herb essential oils found that the Pennyroyal derivative was the most effective.

Stomachic:

When Pennyroyal essential oil is used in very low doses, then it can cure stomach problems and settle the stomach. It cures infections in the stomach, helps maintain the acid-base balance in the stomach by stimulating secretion of acids and bile into the stomach, and also soothes inflammation and irritation in the digestive tract.